What Motivates Expatriates to Extend their Life Abroad?

On June 30th, I had the privilege (and pleasure!) of moderating this IHRM (International Human Resource Management) webinar. I hope you enjoy it too!

An article that explains this presentation in a more formal/scientific package is available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053482224000640

A Tough Conversation: On Final Grades and Moving Forward

The semester has officially ended, and final grades have been submitted. For many of you, this is a moment of satisfaction, reflecting a semester of hard work. For others, I know the final grade is a deep disappointment.

If you are reading this because you received a failing grade, I want to address you directly. I understand the frustration that can come with this outcome. It is natural to seek a different result, and I have received several emails asking if there is anything that can be done to change the grade.

This post is my attempt to answer that question transparently and to provide a path forward. I am not writing this out of a lack of care; I am writing it out of a commitment to fairness and the academic integrity of our program.

Why I Cannot Change Your Grade

The final grade in this course is not a judgment of your potential; it is a direct reflection of your performance on the assignments, exams, and other graded activities as outlined in our syllabus or learning management system. To retroactively alter a grade for one student would be unfair to every other student in the class—those who met the deadlines, those who juggled the same competing priorities and managed to pass, and even those who may have been just a few points shy of a higher grade.

The course policies and deadlines were the same for everyone. Offering a "do-over" to one student after the semester has ended would fundamentally undermine the structure of the course and devalue the efforts of all other students. The time for completing the work was during the semester, not after the final grades have been calculated and submitted. In most of my courses, I offer bonus points and extra credit, which I trust you have noticed.

A Moment for Honest Reflection

I do not enjoy reporting a failing grade. My goal is for every student to master the material and succeed in my class and in the future. However, when I look at the records of students who did not pass, most of the reasons tend to be very similar. They often include:

• A pattern of missed deadlines: In the world of business, meeting deadlines is a critical competency. Our course was structured to help you build this skill.

• Last-minute or incomplete submissions: Procrastination is a significant barrier to success in an advanced course. The material requires sustained engagement, not a last-ditch effort.

• Subpar teamwork: Most of my classes include teamwork assignments because this is the way businesses work. Teamwork evaluations help me identify performance levels in this aspect.

• A lack of communication: When challenges arose during the semester, the time to discuss them was then, not now.

If you find yourself in this position, I urge you to resist the temptation to place blame externally. Instead, take this as a serious opportunity for self-assessment. What were the real obstacles to your success in this course? What choices did you make regarding your priorities and time management? An honest answer to these questions is the first step toward ensuring this does not happen again.

Your Path Forward

A failing grade is just a stumble, not a permanent disqualifier. You are in a rigorous academic program, and challenges are a part of that journey. Your resilience in the face of this obstacle is what will define you, not the grade itself.

I strongly encourage you to connect with your academic advisor to discuss your options and create a plan for future success. The university offers a wealth of resources, from academic skills workshops to wellness and counseling services, that are designed to help you thrive. Please use them.

While I cannot change your grade, I am willing to have a constructive conversation about your performance to help you identify areas for improvement, once the new semester starts. However, please understand that the purpose of such a conversation would be for your future development, not to renegotiate the grade.

This is a difficult but important lesson in accountability and responsibility—two cornerstones of effective management. I trust you will learn and grow from it and move forward with renewed focus.

With best wishes,

~Dr. O

Why I No Longer Exempt Students from My Final Exams

As a young instructor, I used many of the pedagogical practices I experienced as a student, including exempting my best students from the final exam. The reasoning was, why make them go through the stress if it was almost guaranteed that they would earn a final A? Besides, as a student, I loved it every time I was exempted from a final exam! 

Some conversations made me notice that, as enjoyable and appreciated as this practice was, I was not doing my students a favor; in fact, I was increasing the chances that the content of my courses would be promptly forgotten and unused in professional life. In particular, there is some evidence that final exams provide the following advantages:

• Motivation for Learning - The prospect of final examinations can motivate students to engage more deeply with course material and maintain consistent study habits throughout academic periods.
• Memory Consolidation and Long-term Retention - Taking a test of previously studied material has been shown to improve long-term subsequent test performance in a large variety of controlled experiments, a phenomenon known as the testing effect. This research suggests that retrieval during testing strengthens memory pathways and enhances long-term retention.
• Comprehensive Assessment - Final exams provide summative evaluations that allow educators to assess student learning comprehensively across entire courses or academic terms.
• Holistic Perspective - During the course, we tend to analyze topics on some level of detail, but miss out on "the big picture"! The final exam is a great opportunity to distinguish how the whole class is organized, and where the different parts fit.

On the other hand, I also found these disadvantages of "typical" final exams:

• Stress and Authenticity Concerns - High-stakes final exams create psychological stress and may lack relevance, testing performance under artificial conditions rather than practical knowledge application.
• Limited Learning Enhancement - Summative tests, such as a final exam that measures how much was learned but offers no opportunities for a student to improve, are less effective compared to assessments that provide learning opportunities through feedback.
• Complexity and Format Limitations - Research shows that the testing effect for practice tests may be limited, with effectiveness dependent on question format and cognitive effort required for retrieval.
• Retrievability Requirements - The testing is stronger for questions with a high retrievability, suggesting that final exams may not benefit learning when material difficulty exceeds student capabilities.

In consequence, my final exams are designed as an incentive to re-study the course material, but minimizing the disadvantages. To the extent that my organizations make it possible, my finals:

• Are worth only about 10% of the final grade – This helps me differentiate hard-working, ambitious students from those who just want a passing grade, without adding too much stress.
• Take place during the designated time – I know that some colleagues end the semester a few days earlier, but I respect the organization’s policies for accreditation and related purposes.
• Are “open book” – I believe that most of the knowledge my students learn in my classes will be needed in the future; I do not expect them to remember the exact content they learned, but I do hope they will be able to find it when they need it.

I trust the above helps you understand why I no longer exempt my students from taking the final exam. I believe my policies help make good use of this long-standing practice and minimize the disadvantages.

If you have comments or questions, don’t hesitate to contact me! Here are a few helpful sources if you want to learn more:

Adesope, O. O., Trevisan, D. A., & Sundararajan, N. (2017). Rethinking the use of tests: A meta-analysis of practice testing. Review of Educational Research, 87(3), 659-701. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316689306

Greving, S., & Richter, T. (2018). Examining the testing effect in university teaching: Retrievability and question format matter. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 2412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02412

Schwieren, J., Barenberg, J., & Dutke, S. (2017). The testing effect in the psychology classroom: A meta-analytic perspective. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 16(2), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475725717695149

Are university degrees overrated?

I probably was in middle school (1980s) when I first heard (from a teacher) that "not everyone should try to get a university degree." His arguments were (if memory serves me well) similar to the ones that I hear nowadays (2025):

1. Too expensive
2. Many will not graduate
3. Even if you graduate, you might not find work in your field
4. There is a need for good carpenters, plumbers, welders, nurses (university degrees were not required for them at the time), secretaries, mechanics, and other "blue-collar" workers, and they make good money faster!

I did not follow that advice. Following my parents' advice, based on their friends' experiences and unfulfilled aspirations (none of my ancestors had even pursued formal education beyond elementary school), I did go to college and earned a Bachelor of Science (Computer Engineering), a Master of Business Administration (international concentration), and a Doctorate (Ph.D. in Management). Intriguingly, the four arguments above seem even more true now than they were back in the 20th Century! 

• I went to one of Mexico's most expensive universities (thanks to generous scholarships and loans), Monterrey Tec (tec.mx/en); for the first few years, I wondered why I didn't choose a state university instead, but the opportunities I was able to seize there now make me glad about those choices! 
• I saw many fellow students drop out before finishing their studies. 
• I have used the knowledge I acquired, but haven't worked as a computer engineer "properly."
• The last time I paid a plumber, I was well-impressed by his work ethic (even though it was the third time I had called him for the same problem). The studies I have been exposed to give me confidence that specialization is the way to go: I do my job, they do theirs, and each of us charges a market-based price for our services.

Beyond my personal experience, I have set out to compile evidence that my experience is not unique. I have good friends who are advising their children to get a trade-school education instead of going to college. I can see their best intentions. When it comes to my children, I cannot give that advice. If it were up to me, I would encourage every one of my children, my nieces, my nephews, godchildren, and anyone willing to listen to GO TO COLLEGE and EARN THE HIGHEST DEGREE YOU CAN!

Why? Here is some of the evidence supporting my advice:

• Education is highly correlated with income and (negatively) with unemployment. If you search "BLS education pays," you will find the latest link to the following infographic (https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2025/data-on-display/education-pays.htm): 

• It follows that education may be directly linked to wealth (which is different from income), such as retirement savings. For example, Gallup recently published this figure (https://app.e.gallup.com/e/es?s=831949997&e=3981266&elqTrackId=efd74c1a1b7a40299e524d6e5aa03bea&elq=72212bfdebd7464093a464e8f61c5540&elqaid=15279&elqat=1&elqak=8AF5771A933B3CC341659AEB009DBC1466EE4E2B91DF6C79629EBEEACDFBC5C04086):

...and many other indicators, such as philanthropy, marriage stability, children's academic success, and so on. I intend to bring together here more arguments that, expensive as it may be, higher education is worth the investment.

Thank you for reading!